How Does a Concussion Happen?

Many people assume a concussion only occurs after a direct

blow to the head, but this is not always the case.

A concussion can occur whenever a force causes the brain to

move suddenly inside the skull.

Common causes include:

Sports Injuries

Rugby
Football
Boxing
Horse riding
Cycling
Martial arts
Hockey

Falls

Falls are one of the most common causes of concussion across

all age groups.

Road Traffic Collisions

Car, motorcycle, bicycle, and pedestrian accidents can all result in concussion.

Workplace Accidents

Particularly in construction, emergency services, military, and industrial settings.

Assaults and Domestic Abuse

Physical assaults, punches, kicks, falls, and strangulation can all result in brain injury and concussion.

Military Blast Exposure

Explosive blast waves can cause concussion even when there is no visible injury to the head.

Common Symptoms of Concussion

Symptoms may appear immediately or develop over the following hours or days.

Physical Symptoms

Headache
Dizziness
Nausea
Balance problems
Fatigue
Visual disturbances
Sensitivity to light
Sensitivity to noise
Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)

Cognitive Symptoms

Brain fog
Difficulty concentrating
Memory problems
Slower thinking
Feeling mentally "fuzzy"
Difficulty processing information

Emotional Symptoms

Anxiety
Irritability
Mood swings
Increased emotional sensitivity
Low mood

Sleep Symptoms

Difficulty falling asleep
Sleeping more than usual
Sleeping less than usual
Poor quality sleep

Do You Have to Lose Consciousness?

No.

This is one of the biggest myths about concussion.

Most concussions occur without a loss of consciousness.

Someone can sustain a concussion and remain awake throughout the entire event.

What Happens Inside the Brain?

A concussion does not usually involve structural damage that can be seen on a standard CT scan or MRI.

Instead, it causes temporary disruption to how brain cells function.

This can affect:

Communication between brain cells
Energy production
Blood flow
Information processing

Although these changes are often temporary, they can still have a significant impact on daily life.

Recovery From Concussion

Many people improve within a few days or weeks, while others take longer.

There is no exact timeline that applies to everyone.

Recovery is influenced by factors such as:

Previous concussions
Age
Sleep quality
Stress levels
Mental health
Existing neurological conditions
Overall health

Recovery looks different for everyone.

Recovery Tips

1. Don't Ignore Symptoms

Trying to push through symptoms can sometimes make

recovery more difficult.

Listen to your body and brain.

2. Prioritise Sleep

Sleep is one of the most important aspects of brain recovery.

Aim for regular sleep and wake times where possible.

3. Gradually Return to Activity

Current evidence suggests that prolonged complete rest is generally not recommended.

After an initial period of relative rest, gradual and symptom-limited activity is usually encouraged.

Always follow advice from your healthcare provider.

4. Manage Physical and Mental Exertion

Recovery often requires balancing activity and rest.

Many people benefit from pacing themselves and avoiding overexertion.

5. Stay Hydrated

Dehydration can worsen symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, and concentration difficulties.

6. Eat a Balanced Diet

Good nutrition supports overall brain health and recovery.

Focus on:

Protein
Fruits and vegetables
Healthy fats
Whole foods

7. Reduce Alcohol Consumption

Alcohol may worsen symptoms and can interfere with recovery.

Many healthcare professionals recommend avoiding alcohol during the recovery period.

8. Limit Activities That Worsen Symptoms

This may include:

Excessive screen time
Bright environments
Loud environments
Extended periods of concentration

Everyone's triggers are different.

9. Seek Professional Support If Needed

Some people benefit from additional support such as:

Physiotherapy
Vestibular rehabilitation
Occupational therapy
Psychological support
Vision therapy
Speech and language therapy

What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome?

Most people recover from concussion, but some continue to experience symptoms beyond the expected recovery period.

This is sometimes referred to as Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS).

Symptoms may include:

Persistent headaches
Fatigue
Brain fog
Sleep problems
Dizziness
Anxiety
Depression
Sensory sensitivities

Recovery is still possible, but additional assessment and support may be beneficial.

Can Multiple Concussions Be a Problem?

Research suggests that repeated concussions and repetitive head impacts may increase the risk of longer-term neurological problems in some individuals.

This is why concussion should always be taken seriously and why returning to sport, work, or activities too quickly can be risky.

Anyone who experiences repeated concussions should discuss this with a healthcare professional.

Remember

A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury caused by forces acting on the brain.
You do not need to lose consciousness to have a concussion.
Symptoms can affect thinking, emotions, sleep, and physical wellbeing.
Most people recover, but recovery times vary.
Sleep, pacing, hydration, nutrition, and gradual return to activity may support recovery.
Persistent symptoms should be discussed with a healthcare professional.